About JSON Web Tokens (JWTs)
In order to authenticate as an app or generate an installation access token, you must generate a JSON Web Token (JWT). If a REST API endpoint requires a JWT, the documentation for that endpoint will indicate that you must use a JWT to access the endpoint.
Your JWT must be signed using the RS256 algorithm and must contain the following claims.
| Claim | Meaning | Details |
|---|---|---|
iat | Issued At | The time that the JWT was created. To protect against clock drift, we recommend that you set this 60 seconds in the past and ensure that your server's date and time is set accurately (for example, by using the Network Time Protocol). |
exp | Expires At | The expiration time of the JWT, after which it can't be used to request an installation token. The time must be no more than 10 minutes into the future. |
iss | Issuer | The client ID or application ID of your GitHub App. This value is used to find the right public key to verify the signature of the JWT. You can find your app's IDs on the settings page for your GitHub App. Use of the client ID is recommended. For more information about navigating to the settings page for your GitHub App, see "Modifying a GitHub App registration." |
alg | Message authentication code algorithm | This should be RS256 since your JWT must be signed using the RS256 algorithm. |
To use a JWT, pass it in the Authorization header of an API request. For example:
curl --request GET \
--url "http(s)://HOSTNAME/api/v3/app" \
--header "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
--header "Authorization: Bearer YOUR_JWT" \
--header "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28"
In most cases, you can use Authorization: Bearer or Authorization: token to pass a token. However, if you are passing a JSON web token (JWT), you must use Authorization: Bearer.
Generating a JSON Web Token (JWT)
Most programming languages have a package that can generate a JWT. In all cases, you must have a private key and the ID of your GitHub App. For more information about generating a private key, see "Managing private keys for GitHub Apps". You can find your app's ID with the GET /app REST API endpoint. For more information, see "Apps" in the REST API documentation.
Note
Instead of creating a JWT, you can use GitHub's Octokit SDKs to authenticate as an app. The SDK will take care of generating a JWT for you and will regenerate the JWT once the token expires. For more information, see "Scripting with the REST API and JavaScript."
Example: Using Ruby to generate a JWT
Note
You must run gem install jwt to install the jwt package in order to use this script.
In the following example, replace YOUR_PATH_TO_PEM with the file path where your private key is stored. Replace YOUR_APP_ID with the ID of your app. Make sure to enclose the values for YOUR_PATH_TO_PEM and YOUR_APP_ID in double quotes.
require 'openssl'
require 'jwt' # https://rubygems.org/gems/jwt
# Private key contents
private_pem = File.read("YOUR_PATH_TO_PEM")
private_key = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new(private_pem)
# Generate the JWT
payload = {
# issued at time, 60 seconds in the past to allow for clock drift
iat: Time.now.to_i - 60,
# JWT expiration time (10 minute maximum)
exp: Time.now.to_i + (10 * 60),
# GitHub App's client ID
iss: "YOUR_CLIENT_ID"
}
jwt = JWT.encode(payload, private_key, "RS256")
puts jwt
Example: Using Python to generate a JWT
Note
You must run pip install PyJWT to install the PyJWT package in order to use this script.
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import sys
import time
import jwt
# Get PEM file path
if len(sys.argv) > 1:
pem = sys.argv[1]
else:
pem = input("Enter path of private PEM file: ")
# Get the Client ID
if len(sys.argv) > 2:
client_id = sys.argv[2]
else:
client_id = input("Enter your Client ID: ")
# Open PEM
with open(pem, 'rb') as pem_file:
signing_key = pem_file.read()
payload = {
# Issued at time
'iat': int(time.time()),
# JWT expiration time (10 minutes maximum)
'exp': int(time.time()) + 600,
# GitHub App's client ID
'iss': client_id
}
# Create JWT
encoded_jwt = jwt.encode(payload, signing_key, algorithm='RS256')
print(f"JWT: {encoded_jwt}")
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import sys
import time
import jwt
# Get PEM file path
if len(sys.argv) > 1:
pem = sys.argv[1]
else:
pem = input("Enter path of private PEM file: ")
# Get the Client ID
if len(sys.argv) > 2:
client_id = sys.argv[2]
else:
client_id = input("Enter your Client ID: ")
# Open PEM
with open(pem, 'rb') as pem_file:
signing_key = pem_file.read()
payload = {
# Issued at time
'iat': int(time.time()),
# JWT expiration time (10 minutes maximum)
'exp': int(time.time()) + 600,
# GitHub App's client ID
'iss': client_id
}
# Create JWT
encoded_jwt = jwt.encode(payload, signing_key, algorithm='RS256')
print(f"JWT: {encoded_jwt}")
This script will prompt you for the file path where your private key is stored and for the ID of your app. Alternatively, you can pass those values as inline arguments when you execute the script.
Example: Using Bash to generate a JWT
Note
You must pass your Client ID and the file path where your private key is stored as arguments when running this script.
#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -o pipefail
client_id=$1 # Client ID as first argument
pem=$( cat $2 ) # file path of the private key as second argument
now=$(date +%s)
iat=$((${now} - 60)) # Issues 60 seconds in the past
exp=$((${now} + 600)) # Expires 10 minutes in the future
b64enc() { openssl base64 | tr -d '=' | tr '/+' '_-' | tr -d '\n'; }
header_json='{
"typ":"JWT",
"alg":"RS256"
}'
# Header encode
header=$( echo -n "${header_json}" | b64enc )
payload_json="{
\"iat\":${iat},
\"exp\":${exp},
\"iss\":\"${client_id}\"
}"
# Payload encode
payload=$( echo -n "${payload_json}" | b64enc )
# Signature
header_payload="${header}"."${payload}"
signature=$(
openssl dgst -sha256 -sign <(echo -n "${pem}") \
<(echo -n "${header_payload}") | b64enc
)
# Create JWT
JWT="${header_payload}"."${signature}"
printf '%s\n' "JWT: $JWT"
#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -o pipefail
client_id=$1 # Client ID as first argument
pem=$( cat $2 ) # file path of the private key as second argument
now=$(date +%s)
iat=$((${now} - 60)) # Issues 60 seconds in the past
exp=$((${now} + 600)) # Expires 10 minutes in the future
b64enc() { openssl base64 | tr -d '=' | tr '/+' '_-' | tr -d '\n'; }
header_json='{
"typ":"JWT",
"alg":"RS256"
}'
# Header encode
header=$( echo -n "${header_json}" | b64enc )
payload_json="{
\"iat\":${iat},
\"exp\":${exp},
\"iss\":\"${client_id}\"
}"
# Payload encode
payload=$( echo -n "${payload_json}" | b64enc )
# Signature
header_payload="${header}"."${payload}"
signature=$(
openssl dgst -sha256 -sign <(echo -n "${pem}") \
<(echo -n "${header_payload}") | b64enc
)
# Create JWT
JWT="${header_payload}"."${signature}"
printf '%s\n' "JWT: $JWT"
Example: Using PowerShell to generate a JWT
In the following example, replace YOUR_PATH_TO_PEM with the file path where your private key is stored. Replace YOUR_CLIENT_ID with the ID of your app. Make sure to enclose the values for YOUR_PATH_TO_PEM in double quotes.
#!/usr/bin/env pwsh
$client_id = YOUR_CLIENT_ID
$private_key_path = "YOUR_PATH_TO_PEM"
$header = [Convert]::ToBase64String([System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetBytes((ConvertTo-Json -InputObject @{
alg = "RS256"
typ = "JWT"
}))).TrimEnd('=').Replace('+', '-').Replace('/', '_');
$payload = [Convert]::ToBase64String([System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetBytes((ConvertTo-Json -InputObject @{
iat = [System.DateTimeOffset]::UtcNow.AddSeconds(-10).ToUnixTimeSeconds()
exp = [System.DateTimeOffset]::UtcNow.AddMinutes(10).ToUnixTimeSeconds()
iss = $client_id
}))).TrimEnd('=').Replace('+', '-').Replace('/', '_');
$rsa = [System.Security.Cryptography.RSA]::Create()
$rsa.ImportFromPem((Get-Content $private_key_path -Raw))
$signature = [Convert]::ToBase64String($rsa.SignData([System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetBytes("$header.$payload"), [System.Security.Cryptography.HashAlgorithmName]::SHA256, [System.Security.Cryptography.RSASignaturePadding]::Pkcs1)).TrimEnd('=').Replace('+', '-').Replace('/', '_')
$jwt = "$header.$payload.$signature"
Write-Host $jwt
#!/usr/bin/env pwsh
$client_id = YOUR_CLIENT_ID
$private_key_path = "YOUR_PATH_TO_PEM"
$header = [Convert]::ToBase64String([System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetBytes((ConvertTo-Json -InputObject @{
alg = "RS256"
typ = "JWT"
}))).TrimEnd('=').Replace('+', '-').Replace('/', '_');
$payload = [Convert]::ToBase64String([System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetBytes((ConvertTo-Json -InputObject @{
iat = [System.DateTimeOffset]::UtcNow.AddSeconds(-10).ToUnixTimeSeconds()
exp = [System.DateTimeOffset]::UtcNow.AddMinutes(10).ToUnixTimeSeconds()
iss = $client_id
}))).TrimEnd('=').Replace('+', '-').Replace('/', '_');
$rsa = [System.Security.Cryptography.RSA]::Create()
$rsa.ImportFromPem((Get-Content $private_key_path -Raw))
$signature = [Convert]::ToBase64String($rsa.SignData([System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetBytes("$header.$payload"), [System.Security.Cryptography.HashAlgorithmName]::SHA256, [System.Security.Cryptography.RSASignaturePadding]::Pkcs1)).TrimEnd('=').Replace('+', '-').Replace('/', '_')
$jwt = "$header.$payload.$signature"
Write-Host $jwt